Exodus 32 is a dramatic turning point in the book, chronicling the sin of the golden calf and the aftermath of the Israelites' disobedience. This chapter interrupts the detailed instructions for the Tabernacle with a story of rebellion and God's righteous anger.
The Golden Calf
While Moses is on Mount Sinai for forty days and forty nights, the people of Israel become impatient.
1.The People's Demand: They gather around Aaron and demand that he "make us gods who shall go before us." They assume that Moses, the man who led them out of Egypt, has perished.
2. Aaron's Action: Aaron tells them to bring their gold earrings, and he takes them and molds them into the shape of a calf. He builds an altar before it and declares, "This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt!" The people then hold a feast to the LORD, with burnt offerings, peace offerings, and celebratory dancing.
God's Anger and Moses's Intercession
God sees what the people are doing and tells Moses.
-God's Fury: The LORD tells Moses, "Go down, for your people, whom you brought up out of the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves." He states that they have quickly turned aside from the way He commanded them. God’s anger burns hot, and He threatens to destroy the Israelites and make a great nation from Moses instead.
- Moses's Plea: Moses immediately begins to intercede for the people. He reminds God of His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, and asks Him to turn from His fierce anger. He also argues that if God destroys His people, the Egyptians will say that God brought them out to kill them in the mountains. The Bible says that the LORD relented from the disaster He had planned.
Moses's Return and Justice
Moses descends the mountain, carrying the two tablets of the covenant.
- Moses's Anger: As he gets closer to the camp, Moses hears the sounds of revelry and sees the golden calf and the dancing. His anger burns, and he throws the stone tablets to the ground, shattering them at the foot of the mountain. He then takes the golden calf, grinds it to powder, mixes it with water, and makes the people drink it.
-Confrontation with Aaron: Moses confronts Aaron, asking him why he let the people fall into such a great sin. Aaron attempts to justify his actions, saying the people were "bent on evil" and that the calf "came out" of the fire on its own, a weak and deceptive explanation.
-The Levites' Loyalty: Moses stands at the entrance of the camp and calls out, "Who is on the LORD's side? Come to me!" The Levites gather around him, and he commands them to go through the camp, and each of them kill his brother, his friend, and his neighbor. About 3,000 men are killed that day, which serves as a brutal but necessary act of judgment. The Levites are then consecrated to the LORD for their obedience.
Moses's Final Plea
The chapter concludes with Moses's final intercession for the people.
-Atonement: The next day, Moses tells the people that they have committed a great sin, and he will go back up the mountain to intercede for them, hoping to make atonement for their sin. He then tells God, "Please forgive their sin—but if not, please blot me out of your book that you have written." This shows Moses's incredible love for his people. God does not accept the full atonement, but says He will punish those who sinned, and that a plague will come upon them. This chapter is a sobering reminder of the consequences of idolatry and the faithfulness of a righteous intercessor.

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